Store visits are modeled using GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from opted-in, signed-in users.

• Interaction with an online ad then a visit to the physical store location
• Third party vendors that provide data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users
• GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users
• Interaction with a location extension or affiliate location extension

The correct answer is: GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users

Explanation: Google’s vast ecosystem allows for integrated communication across its platforms. This integration yields a holistic view of user behaviors. Key data like GPS locations, Wi-Fi connectivity points, and network signals from a massive base of users who have actively opted in and are signed into their accounts form the backbone of this model. These non-Google Ads signals play a pivotal role in creating a reliable representation of store visits.